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HPV Vaccine (quadrivalent)

HPV Vaccine (quadrivalent)

There are two HPV vaccines. The bivalent prevents types 16 and 18 and is approved in Brazil for girls and women from 9 years of age. The quadrivalent vaccine, in addition to types 16 and 18, prevents types 6 and 11 and is approved in Brazil for girls and women aged 9-45 and for boys and men 9-26 years.

The vaccine works by stimulating production of antibodies specific for each type of HPV. Protection against infection will depend on the amount of antibodies produced by the subject vaccinated and their persistence over a long period of time.

The duration of immunity conferred by the vaccine has not yet been determined, mainly because of the short time it is marketed in the world, since 2006. In fact, although it is known that it offers optimum protection? which makes it the most important novelty in the prevention of HPV infection ?, it is still necessary to determine its long-term public health impact on the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.

In countries such as Australia, which have been vaccinated since 2007, they have been able to substantially reduce cases of genital warts and pre-cancerous lesions in the cervix.

It is important to note that the HPV vaccine does not replace regular Pap smear (preventive). Although less common, other types of HPV not considered in the vaccine can cause cervical cancer.

It is also worth noting that vaccination does not dispense with the use of condoms, which are capable of preventing various sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, since HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact between discovered genital regions, condoms do not eliminate the need for the vaccine.

Diseases that the vaccine prevents

HPV (human papilloma virus, infects about 80% of the sexually active population. There are more than 100 types that affect humans, of which approximately 40 affect the genital tract.

They are classified as oncogenic (that can cause cancer) and non-oncogenic (which cause genital warts). Among the oncogenes, there are two: 16 and 18, responsible for about 70% of cases of cervical cancer and most cases of cancer in other anatomical sites, such as mouth, anus, penis, vagina and vulva . Type 9 and non-oncogenic types are the cause of 90% of genital warts.

According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HPV is believed to be responsible for 100% of cases of cervical cancer; 91% of cases of anal cancer; 75% of cases of vaginal cancer; 72% of cases of oropharyngeal cancer; 69% of cases of vulvar cancer and 63% of cases of penile cancer.

The Ministry of Health estimates that 15,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 5,000 deaths occur due to the disease in Brazil each year . In addition, also annually, more than 1,900,000 cases of genital warts are registered in the country. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine, available both in the public network and in the private network, is capable of preventing 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts.

Indications of the HPV vaccine

The Scientific Societies recommend the vaccination of men and women, even if already infected, as the vaccine reduces reinfections, relapses and infections by other types of HPV. The ideal, however, is to vaccinate boys and girls from 9 years of age before the onset of sexual life, as about 40% of young people are infected with HPV within 3 or 4 years after the first intercourse. Are Brazil and the other nations that offer the vaccine publicly aimed at reducing the incidence of cervical cancer? third that kills more Brazilian women. Girls aged 9 to 13 were chosen as a group because they probably did not have contact with the virus and because they respond better to the vaccine.

Pregnant can take this vaccine?

As a newly developed vaccine, there are not enough scientific studies to ensure the safety of vaccination for pregnant women. Therefore, this vaccine is still contraindicated to pregnant women. Despite this, no fetal malformation was detected in children of women who did not know they were pregnant when they received the vaccine. As for breastfeeding, there are no restrictions.

Necessary doses of the HPV vaccine

The application in SUS is currently done in two stages. The second dose is applied after six months of the first

Before the scheme was given three doses, the second being six months after the first and the third five years later. Women living with HIV between 9 and 26 years should continue to receive the three-dose regimen (the second two months after the first, and the third six months after the first). The change was made because recent studies show that the two-dose schedule shows an antibody response in healthy girls 9 to 14 years of age not inferior when compared to the immune response of 15- to 25-year-old women who received three doses. The Scientific Societies, aimed at individual protection, however, did not change the recommendation: three doses for all audiences. This is because it is not yet known if the best initial response will be sustained over the long term.

Administration of the HPV vaccine

The HPV vaccine is administered through intramuscular injections into the deltoid muscle in the arm.

Contraindications

The vaccine is contraindicated for those allergic to formula components and pregnant women. Age restriction exists because Anvisa only allows the vaccine to be used in the publics where clinical studies have proved its effectiveness.

Syncope (fainting) can occur after any vaccination, especially in adolescents and young adults and this is generally the greater anxiety the injection (post-vaccination stress). Therefore, people who are vaccinated should be observed closely for approximately 15 minutes after administration of this and any other vaccine. The most frequent reactions are at the injection site: pain, redness and swelling (edema) , for example. Less commonly, there is headache and fever. In general, these symptoms are mild and disappear within 24 to 48 hours after the vaccine is given.

Where to Find the HPV Vaccine

The quadrivalent HPV vaccine is available free of charge by the Unified Health System (SUS) for girls aged 9 to 13 years and for girls living with HIV from 9 to 26 years old. In the private network, the quadrivalent vaccine is available for girls and women from 9 to 45 years old and for boys and men from 9 to 26 years. In addition to these, the clinics count on the bivalent vaccine, licensed for all girls and women from 9 years of age. Some medical covenants cover this vaccine in the private healthcare system. Check with your carrier to see if your plan offers this coverage.

Sources:

Ministry of Health


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