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Respiratory Allergy: Know Symptoms and Treatments

Respiratory Allergy: Know Symptoms and Treatments

Allergy is an exaggerated reaction of the immune system to certain substances of nature, which are called allergens. These reactions are caused by substances usually harmless to most people.

Respiratory allergy involves the upper airways causing allergic rhinitis, and the lower airways triggering asthma.

It is believed that various environmental factors influence the development of respiratory illnesses in genetically susceptible individuals.

Major causes of respiratory allergies

Agents that cause this type of allergy are inhalant airborne antigens that enter the body through the airways:

  • dust mites
  • Fungi
  • Cockroaches
  • Animal epithelia
  • Pollens

The mites are mainly responsible (among this group) for the respiratory allergy symptom. They are beings not visible to the naked eye and their faeces represent the highest degree of allergenicity of the mite, they are lodged with desquamated skin, fungi and other substances rich in protein. They develop in places with a lot of dust, with temperature between 18 to 26 degrees, little light and humidity greater than 50%. They are found in mattresses, pillows, rugs, carpets, plush toys, etc.

Fungi are found hanging in the air and in enclosed environments such as attics, basements, armories, suitcases, and can also appear in bathrooms, kitchens , in tile grouts, humidifiers and in hot and poorly ventilated places. They are beings who like a lot of humidity and therefore abundant in regions near the sea. Locations with high humidity and dust can be a great opportunity to install fungi, so they can also be present in air conditioning without maintenance, mattresses and pillows.

Animal allergy prevails in dogs and cats, however they are not considered the most allergenic, the saliva proteins and urine linked to the hair are the most important allergens, as well as the desquamated epithelium, which are the dandruff. Antigens can be car- ried on clothing for schools, offices, cars, places where the animal never appeared.

The domestic cockroach has been identified as an important aero-allergen in temperate or tropical climate mainly in areas urban Sensitization to cockroaches is more frequent in resi- dences of families with low purchasing power and high infestation. The fractions that cause allergy are: feces, saliva, peeling and secretion.

Pollen are microscopic grains intended for the fertilization of plants. Certain species are taken by air at a specific time called the pollination period. Plant pollen grains produce respiratory allergy by inhalation. Pollen disease is more frequent in the regions of Europe, Argentina and the United States.

Factors that trigger or worsen respiratory allergies

Other factors may trigger or aggravate allergic rhinitis or asthma.

  • Climatic changes
  • Airway infection Inhalation of non-specific irritants (strong odors, perfumes, cleaning products, cooking gas, cigarette smoke) (passive smoking where children may inhale cigarette particles), environmental pollutants , inhalation of cold, dry air
  • Medications as non-hormonal anti-inflammatories
  • Stress and exercise can trigger asthma attacks.
  • How to recognize a respiratory allergy?

The main symptoms related to allergic rhinitis include:

Nasal obstruction (nasal blockage) of one or two nostrils

  • Sneezing
  • Nasal itching, also affecting ears, eyes, palsy, pharynx, and may even present a throat clearing
  • Coriza, anterior or posterior, is usually transparent and may present postnatal secretion with constant cleaning of the pharynx
  • Itching, tearing and redness of the conjunctiva of the eyes may be associated with allergic rhinitis, characterizing allergic conjunctivitis
  • Difficulty
  • Headache, cough, halitosis, asthenia, drowsiness, irritability, loss of appetite, difficulty sleeping and to focus on school or work activities.
  • The main symptoms related to asthma include:

Cough (may be the only symptom)

  • Shortness of breath
  • Chirch in the chest
  • Chest tightness
  • These symptoms may be associated with or isolated, in seizures, but it is possible that the individual has continuous symptoms.

Most common treatments for respiratory allergies

Treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma is very comprehensive. Initially it is important that the patient knows that they are chronic diseases, where the medications will resolve the crisis and may prevent new ones, so it is a long-term follow-up. It is important to try to identify the triggering factors by detecting specific IgE in the blood for allergens or by the inhalant skin test. Through this procedure it is possible to perform an environmental orientation and, if the patient has an indication, there is the possibility of re-arranging a treatment with injectable or sublingual immunotherapy (vaccines) for a period of 3 to 5 years. Drug treatment There are a variety of drugs that can be used as: for allergic rhinitis to crises - oral antihistamines or oral decongestants associated with oral antihistamines or topical decongestants (to be used for a short period). For preventive treatment: nasal topical anti-leukotrienes and / or topical corticosteroids or nasal topical corticosteroids associated with topical nasal antihistamine.

Asthma may be used in oral or inhaled bronchodilator attacks (as nebulisation or using sprays with or without the use of spacers with or without a mask) and / or oral corticosteroids (in more severe intra-venous cases). Intravenous anti-leukotrienes and / or corticosteroids or corticosteroids associated with long-term inhaled bronchodilators may be used in preventive treatments.

To minimize and avoid attacks of asthma and allergic rhinitis, the patient should seek out an allergist / pulmonologist specialist, triggering factors, establishing a crisis action plan, and preventive drug treatment to avoid them. Environmental guidance is valid for positive allergens. Asthma and allergic rhinitis are concomitant diseases in a large number of patients and must be treated simultaneously. Dropping out of treatment is very common when the patient stabilizes, so it is important to know these diseases and follow the advice of the specialist.


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